The Enigmatic Origins of Europe's Christmas Devil

Deep in the heart of Europe's Alpine folklore lurks a figure far removed from the jolly, benevolent character of Santa Claus. Meet Krampus, the horned, dark figure of Christmas lore—a stark contrast to the season's usual cheer. But where did this legend come from? Let's dive into the shadowy depths of history to uncover the origins of Krampus, from ancient pagan rituals to modern-day parades and festivities.

Pagan Beginnings and Christian Adoption

***A 36,000-year-old drawing of a goat in the Chauvet Cave in France.***

The story of Krampus, weaving together ancient beliefs and Christian traditions, shares a compelling connection with the early domestication of goats. Both narratives reflect the profound bond humans have formed with these creatures, a mixture of practical necessity and mystical lore.

Krampus's tale begins in the pre-Christian Alpine regions, where horned, goat-like figures captivated the local imagination. These beings, possibly symbolic of wild winter spirits or fertility, were pivotal in pagan celebrations. As Christianity spread, it assimilated these pagan figures, leading to the dual characters of Saint Nicholas and Krampus. Saint Nicholas symbolizes kindness and reward, whereas Krampus, with his goat-like features, embodies the shadowy figure who punishes the wayward, aligning with Christian concepts of morality.

Concurrently, around 10,000 years ago in the Neolithic era, humans in the Fertile Crescent began domesticating goats. These animals, valued for their versatility and ease of management, played a crucial role in transitioning from nomadic lifestyles to established agricultural societies. They provided vital resources like milk, meat, and fur, facilitating the development of early civilizations.

***Egyptian painting from Tomb 24, Giza, that dates from the 12th century BC, which portrays domesticated goats as part of Egypt's agricultural splendour***

The interconnection between these narratives is multifaceted. Goats' tangible and symbolic roles in human culture are deeply entrenched. Their domestication signifies practical needs and societal progress, paralleled in their mythological representations, such as Krampus, which highlight their lasting influence on our spiritual and cultural stories. Goats represent the transition from wild to civilized life, entwined with our myths, fears, and daily survival. This dual role of goats, as both agricultural staples and mythical figures, underscores the intricate relationship between human cultural evolution and our interactions with nature.

The Name and the Legend

The name "Krampus," derived from the German "krampen" (meaning claw), is fitting for a creature that embodies gothic terror: horns, dark hair, and sharp fangs. This menacing figure, deeply rooted in Alpine folklore, particularly in Austria, Bavaria, and South Tyrol, acts as the dark counterpart to the benevolent Saint Nicholas. Krampus is not merely a solitary figure of fright but is deeply intertwined with Saint Nicholas Day celebrations. His role contrasts with Saint Nicholas's, highlighting the dichotomy of reward and retribution, integral to the cultural fabric of these regions.

Krampus's enduring popularity underscores a broader cultural engagement with the balance of good and evil. It's not just about preserving old customs but also about valuing the darker, more mystical aspects of folklore that provide a counterpoint to the more joyful elements of holiday traditions. Krampus, therefore, stands as a significant cultural symbol in the Alpine regions, embodying the complexity of folklore where fear and fascination are intricately linked.

The Rise of Krampus in Popular Culture

Krampus's transformation from a localized Alpine myth to a figure of broader recognition and fascination can be traced back to developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. This period saw a resurgence of interest in traditional folk customs, including those surrounding Krampus, which were revitalized and repackaged for a modern audience.

A key element in this resurgence was the tradition of Krampuslauf, a parade-like event that became increasingly popular in Alpine regions. During these events, participants dressed in elaborate, horned masks and furry costumes to embody the Krampus character. These parades, often held on the eve of Saint Nicholas Day, turned into spectacles that blended thrill and terror. The theatricality and communal aspect of Krampuslauf played a significant role in keeping the Krampus legend alive. It also helped in spreading the tradition beyond its original geographic confines, as tourists and media brought attention to these unique cultural celebrations.

***Wait till you have been anointed, Goya 1799***

Additionally, the proliferation of Krampuskarten, or Krampus cards, added a new dimension to the legend's popularity. Originating in the late 19th century, these greeting cards featured images of Krampus, ranging from the humorous to the downright eerie. They often depicted Krampus in various poses – carrying away naughty children, looming ominously, or engaging in mischievous antics. These cards became a popular way to spread holiday cheer – or fear – and were a unique contrast to the more wholesome imagery associated with traditional Christmas cards. The artistic representations on Krampuskarten not only contributed to the visual iconography of Krampus but also played a role in popularizing the legend across different social strata and even internationally.

This period of heightened interest in Krampus also coincided with broader cultural and artistic movements in Europe (Romanticism, Gothic Revival, and Symbolism) that embraced folklore, myth, and a certain darkness in art and literature. The fascination with Krampus can be seen as part of this wider trend, where there was a renewed appreciation for the power and depth of traditional tales and their ability to convey complex human emotions and societal values.

Thus, the leap of Krampus from an Alpine folk figure to a widely recognized symbol can be seen as the result of both local cultural practices, like the Krampuslauf, and the broader cultural trends of the time, exemplified by the popularity of Krampuskarten. These factors combined to elevate Krampus from a regional tradition to a figure of international curiosity and intrigue, embedding him firmly in the tapestry of global folklore and popular culture.

Krampus in the Contemporary World

In recent years, Krampus has experienced a significant resurgence, transcending his humble origins to gain global recognition. This revival extends beyond mere fascination with folklore; it also reflects a critique of the increasing commercialization of Christmas. The figure of Krampus, with his more sinister and less commercial persona, offers a stark contrast to the jolly and consumer-friendly image of Santa Claus. This contrast has been embraced in various forms of media, including films, literature, and art, all of which have played a crucial role in introducing Krampus to a worldwide audience. As a result, Krampus has been firmly woven into the fabric of global pop culture, presenting an alternative narrative to the conventional Christmas story.

Krampus's enduring appeal lies in his complex nature, which is a blend of ancient and modern elements. He is a creature born out of pre-Christian Alpine traditions, yet his story has been molded by Christian moral teachings and now finds new expression in contemporary culture. The evolution of Krampus's legend reflects the dynamic nature of folklore and its ability to adapt over time. His story is not static; it changes and grows, absorbing elements from different eras and cultures. This adaptability is what has allowed Krampus to remain relevant and intriguing in a rapidly changing world.

As we celebrate the holiday season with its cheerful traditions and festive spirit, the tale of Krampus invites us to acknowledge and remember the more enigmatic and shadowy aspects of this time of year. It reminds us that Christmas, while predominantly a time of joy and celebration, also harbors deeper, more complex emotions and traditions. The story of Krampus encourages us to reflect on the diverse cultural heritage that shapes our modern celebrations and to appreciate the rich tapestry of folklore that adds depth and color to our understanding of the world.

In this way, Krampus is not just a relic of the past but a living part of our cultural landscape, continuously evolving and adapting. His presence during the Christmas season serves as a poignant reminder of the enduring power of ancient beliefs and traditions in modern times. He stands as a testament to the human fascination with the mystical and the unknown, a character that captivates our imagination and enriches our cultural heritage. So, as the holiday lights twinkle and the bells jingle, let's remember the legend of Krampus, a symbol of the season's darker, more mysterious side, and a vital part of the ongoing story of human culture and belief.

The Recipe: Fondue Savoyarde

Picture it! The Alpines, 1922!! The snow blankets the majestic peaks of the Alps. The air turns crisp and frosty, and you have no wifi and no worries.

There's no better way to find solace from the cold than indulging in the hearty tradition of Fondue Savoyarde. This quintessential Alpine dish is more than just a recipe; it's a warm, communal experience that brings people together.

The Origins:

Fondue Savoyarde hails from the Savoy region, a cultural crossroads nestled in the heart of the Alps, spanning parts of France, Switzerland, and Italy. It epitomizes the essence of Alpine cuisine – simple yet rich, and deeply comforting. At its core, it’s a celebration of local cheese-making traditions, utilizing the region's best like Gruyère, Emmental, and Beaufort or Comté.

The Experience:

Picture this: a group of friends or family, gathered around a bubbling pot of molten cheese, with the outside world momentarily forgotten. Each person armed with a long fork, dipping chunks of crusty bread into the cheese. Fondue Savoyarde is not just a meal; it’s a communal rite, a moment of warmth and connection.

Non-Vegan Version

Ingredients:

200g Gruyère cheese
200g Emmental cheese
200g Beaufort or Comté cheese
1 clove garlic, halved
300ml dry white wine
1 tsp lemon juice
1 tbsp cornstarch
3 tbsp kirsch (cherry brandy)
Freshly ground pepper and nutmeg
1 French baguette, cut into bite-sized chunks

Instructions:

Begin by grating all the cheeses and mix them together.
Rub the inside of the fondue pot with the halves of garlic for an aromatic base.
Pour in the white wine and lemon juice, and heat gently on the stove until hot, but not boiling.
Gradually add the mixed cheeses to the pot, stirring continuously in a figure-eight pattern to melt the cheese smoothly without letting it get too hot and oily.
Blend the cornstarch with kirsch to form a smooth paste, then stir into the cheese mixture to thicken it slightly, creating a rich, velvety texture.
Season with a pinch of pepper and nutmeg to taste.
Transfer the pot to a fondue burner at your dining table, keeping it at a gentle heat.
Spear pieces of bread with fondue forks and dip them into the cheese, swirling them to coat each piece evenly.

Vegan Version:

Ingredients

¼ cup olive oil
¼ small yellow onion, chopped
3 cloves garlic, minced
3 vegetable bouillon cubes
6 cups water
1 large yellow potato
1 cup short white rice (arborio rice is best)
1 cup raw cashews
½ cup white sauerkraut water
½ cup nutritional yeast flakes
2 tbsp white wine vinegar
¼ cup + 2 Tbsp tapioca starch
2 Tbsp brown miso
2 tsp sea salt
1 tsp mustard powder

½ cup dry riesling white wine
3 tbsp kirsch schnapps

Instructions

In a large saucepan, heat up olive oil over medium high heat. Add onions and garlic and sweat until translucent, about 3 minutes.
Add bouillon cubes, water, potato, rice, and cashews and bring to a boil.
Once boiling, reduce heat to a simmer, and cover.
Cook until rice and potatoes are soft, 25-30 mins. Stir occasionally.
Once the rice and potatoes are soft, remove from heat and transfer mixture to a blender. If you have a smaller blender, and it doesn't all fit, do this in batches.
Blend with the feeding hole open to release steam, until very very smooth. If you do not have a high speed blender, this will take longer. Give the motor a break every minute or so, and blend until smooth.
Once your potato mixture is smooth, add sauerkraut water, nutritional yeast, vinegar, tapioca starch, miso, salt and mustard powder. Blend again until well incorporated 30-60 seconds.
Now you can store this in the fridge until you are ready to serve your party guests, or serve right away.

Make the fondue:

Pour the cheese mixture into the top of a double boiler or a fondue pot set, heat.
Once heated and soft, using a whisk, mix in white wine and kirsh schnapps.
Heat and whisk the mixture until it’s very hot.
Serve with warm chunks of French bread, roasted potatoes or veggies, green apples, and gherkins or pickled onions.
Bon apetit!

Unraveling the Mystery of Krampus: Plus Fondue Savoyarde